NEW EDITION
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22ND EDITION

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation

Cambridge; Harvard Law Review Association; 2025.

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$49.00

In a fast-changing legal landscape, The Bluebook remains the citation standard trusted by legal professionals everywhere.

Trusted by generations. Essential for today.

For nearly a century, The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation has been the go-to resource for lawyers, judges, scholars, and law students across the United States. Created by the editors of the Harvard, Columbia, Penn, and Yale law reviews, it remains the most widely adopted citation system in the legal field.

The Bluebook doesn’t just tell you how to cite—it ensures consistency and credibility in every legal document. From formatting rules to source attribution, it governs the key details that define professional legal writing: capitalization, quotations, abbreviations, italicization, and more.

New to the Twenty-Second Edition

The twenty-second edition of The Bluebook: a Uniform System of Citation stays true to the core principles that have guided legal citation for nearly 100 years. But this edition also takes a step forward, refining citation forms, updating rules, and expanding guidance to better support today’s legal professionals.

With hundreds of updates large and small, here’s what’s new:

Refined Rules for Greater Clarity

New updates improve how legal professionals express relationships between authorities:

Rule 1.2 introduces a new signal: “contrast“, used when opposing authorities better support a proposition through contrast rather than comparison.
Bluepages B1.2 now reflects this change, and B5.3 allows the use of the parenthetical “(citation modified)” for cleaned-up quotations.

Bluepages B22 and B23 have been added to correspond with the new Rules 22 and 23.

Enhancing Legal Writing Guidance

Core rules have been revised for clarity and flexibility:

Rule 10.8.3 has been revised to provide clearer guidance, including scenarios like multi-district litigation.
Rule 12.4(f) allows omission of codification information when context permits.
Rule 14.4 offers instructions for citing state administrative materials.

Recognizing Diverse Authorship and Special Sources

Author-focused citation rules have been broadened to reflect contemporary legal writing:

Rule 15.1(d) now includes instructions for citing works under pen names.
Rule 15.8 expands its coverage to additional special citation forms.

Embracing New Sources & Technologies

The Bluebook keeps pace with evolving technologies and content formats:

Rule 18 has been substantially rewritten to clarify existing guidance and introduce citation rules for emerging sources—including AI-generated content.
Rule 20.2.4 now covers how to cite sources written in non-Roman alphabets, such as Chinese, Arabic, or Cyrillic.

New Rules for Specialized Materials

New rules provide robust citation systems for historically underrepresented sources:

Rule 22 delivers the first comprehensive system for citing materials from Tribal Nations.
Rule 23 introduces structured citation formats for archival and historical sources.

Faster Access, Better Accuracy

Tables and Bluepages have been revised to reflect the modern legal landscape:

Bluepages Table BT2 has been updated to include current local citation rules and additional jurisdictions.
Table T1.3 reflects updates across state legal systems.
Table T1.5, available free and exclusively online, lists all federally recognized Tribal Nations.
Table T2 has been expanded to include three new jurisdictions.
Table T6 offers revised formatting for medical journal citations.
Table T10 has been streamlined and modernized, making abbreviations more accessible and practical.

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